J. M. Alston, J. S. James, M. A. Andersen, and P. G. Pardey, Agricultural Productivity Patterns, Persistence Pays, pp.87-133, 2009.

L. Borrás, G. A. Slafer, and M. E. Otegui, Seed dry weight response to source?sink manipulations in wheat, maize and soybean: a quantitative reappraisal, Field Crops Research, vol.86, issue.2-3, pp.131-146, 2004.

E. Oerke and H. Dehne, Safeguarding production?losses in major crops and the role of crop protection, Crop Protection, vol.23, issue.4, pp.275-285, 2004.

S. H. Wittwer and N. Castilla, Protected Cultivation of Horticultural Crops Worldwide, HortTechnology, vol.5, issue.1, pp.6-23, 1995.

R. W. Harris and . Arboriculture, Integrated Management of Landscape Trees, Shrubs, and Vines

P. International, , 1992.

K. G. Cassman, A. Dobermann, and D. T. Walters, Agroecosystems, Nitrogen-use Efficiency, and Nitrogen Management, AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, vol.31, issue.2, pp.132-140, 2002.

A. D. Glass, Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Crop Plants: Physiological Constraints upon Nitrogen Absorption, Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, vol.22, issue.5, pp.453-470, 2003.

S. L. Pollack, Promoting fruit and vegetables, Nutrition & Food Science, vol.31, issue.2, pp.49-54, 2001.

D. Tilman, K. G. Cassman, P. A. Matson, R. Naylor, and S. Polasky, Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices, Nature, vol.418, issue.6898, pp.671-677, 2002.

K. F. Davis, J. A. Gephart, K. A. Emery, A. M. Leach, J. N. Galloway et al., Meeting future food demand with current agricultural resources, Global Environmental Change, vol.39, pp.125-132, 2016.

D. S. Lebauer and K. K. Treseder, NITROGEN LIMITATION OF NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS IS GLOBALLY DISTRIBUTED, Ecology, vol.89, issue.2, pp.371-379, 2008.

A. J. Bloom, The increasing importance of distinguishing among plant nitrogen sources, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol.25, pp.10-16, 2015.

R. L. Mulvaney, S. A. Khan, and T. R. Ellsworth, Synthetic Nitrogen Fertilizers Deplete Soil Nitrogen: A Global Dilemma for Sustainable Cereal Production, Journal of Environmental Quality, vol.38, issue.6, pp.2295-2314, 2009.

K. Thorup-kristensen, ROOT GROWTH AND SOIL NITROGEN DEPLETION BY ONION, LETTUCE, EARLY CABBAGE AND CARROT, Acta Horticulturae, issue.563, pp.201-206, 2001.

Y. Kuzyakov and X. Xu, Competition between roots and microorganisms for nitrogen: mechanisms and ecological relevance, New Phytologist, vol.198, issue.3, pp.656-669, 2013.

H. Shoun, D. Kim, H. Uchiyama, and J. Sugiyama, Denitrification by fungi, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.94, issue.3, pp.277-281, 1992.

L. Philippot, Denitrifying genes in bacterial and Archaeal genomes, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression, vol.1577, issue.3, pp.355-376, 2002.

C. Van-der-salm, J. Dolfing, M. Heinen, and G. L. Velthof, Estimation of nitrogen losses via denitrification from a heavy clay soil under grass, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.119, issue.3-4, pp.311-319, 2007.

M. M. Kuypers, H. K. Marchant, and B. Kartal, The microbial nitrogen-cycling network, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.16, issue.5, pp.263-276, 2018.

O. Oenema, H. P. Witzke, Z. Klimont, J. P. Lesschen, and G. L. Velthof, Integrated assessment of promising measures to decrease nitrogen losses from agriculture in EU-27, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.133, issue.3-4, pp.280-288, 2009.

H. J. Di and K. C. Cameron, Nitrate leaching in temperate agroecosystems: Sources, factors and mitigating strategies, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, vol.64, issue.3, pp.237-256, 2002.

Y. Zhai, X. Zhao, Y. Teng, X. Li, J. Zhang et al., Groundwater nitrate pollution and human health risk assessment by using HHRA model in an agricultural area, NE China, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol.137, pp.130-142, 2017.

T. De-ponti, B. Rijk, and M. K. Van-ittersum, The crop yield gap between organic and conventional agriculture, Agricultural Systems, vol.108, pp.1-9, 2012.

R. Haynes, Nitrification, Mineral Nitrogen in the Plant?Soil System, pp.127-165, 1986.

C. Bardon, F. Piola, F. Bellvert, F. E. Haichar, G. Comte et al., Evidence for biological denitrification inhibition (BDI) by plant secondary metabolites, New Phytologist, vol.204, issue.3, pp.620-630, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01085302

T. Iwashina, The Structure and Distribution of the Flavonoids in Plants, Journal of Plant Research, vol.113, issue.3, pp.287-299, 2000.

W. Galland, F. Piola, A. Burlet, C. Mathieu, M. Nardy et al., Biological denitrification inhibition (BDI) in the field: A strategy to improve plant nutrition and growth, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.136, p.107513, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02178654

I. G. Burns, Ecological aspects of Vegetable Fertigation in Integrated crop Production in the Field, 1996.

R. Hähndel and W. Wichmann, VORBEMERKUNGEN, Gimmeldingen, Kr. Neustadt an der Weinstraße. Mutterstadt, Kr. Ludwigshafen am Rhein, vol.428, pp.21-30, 1973.

K. S. Charles, M. Ngouajio, D. D. Warncke, K. L. Poff, and M. K. Hausbeck, Integration of cover crops and fertilizer rates for weed management in celery, Weed Science, vol.54, issue.02, pp.326-334, 2006.

S. U. Anjana and M. Iqbal, Nitrate accumulation in plants, factors affecting the process, and human health implications. A review, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, vol.27, issue.1, pp.45-57, 2007.

P. Santamaria, Nitrate in vegetables: toxicity, content, intake and EC regulation, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol.86, issue.1, pp.10-17, 2005.

L. C. Green, K. Ruiz-de-luzuriaga, D. A. Wagner, W. Rand, N. Istfan et al., Nitrate biosynthesis in man., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.78, issue.12, pp.7764-7768, 1981.

A. G. Van-velzen, A. J. Sips, R. C. Schothorst, A. C. Lambers, and J. Meulenbelt, The oral bioavailability of nitrate from nitrate-rich vegetables in humans, Toxicology Letters, vol.181, issue.3, pp.177-181, 2008.

R. O. Wright, W. J. Lewander, and A. D. Woolf, Methemoglobinemia: Etiology, Pharmacology, and Clinical Management, Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol.34, issue.5, pp.646-656, 1999.

J. J. Sindelar and A. L. Milkowski, Human safety controversies surrounding nitrate and nitrite in the diet, Nitric Oxide, vol.26, issue.4, pp.259-266, 2012.

D. A. Preece, R. A. Fisher and Experimental Design: A Review, Biometrics, vol.46, issue.4, p.925, 1990.

J. P. Guyonnet, F. Vautrin, G. Meiffren, C. Labois, A. A. Cantarel et al., The effects of plant nutritional strategy on soil microbial denitrification activity through rhizosphere primary metabolites, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, vol.93, issue.4, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01608484

W. Zerulla, T. Barth, J. Dressel, K. Erhardt, K. Horchler-von-locquenghien et al., 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) - a new nitrification inhibitor for agriculture and horticulture, Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol.34, issue.2, pp.79-84, 2001.

R. Sun, X. Guo, D. Wang, and H. Chu, Effects of long-term application of chemical and organic fertilizers on the abundance of microbial communities involved in the nitrogen cycle, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.95, pp.171-178, 2015.

E. Tatti, C. Goyer, B. J. Zebarth, D. L. Burton, L. Giovannetti et al., Short-Term Effects of Mineral and Organic Fertilizer on Denitrifiers, Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Denitrification in Long-Term Amended Vineyard Soils, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.77, issue.1, pp.113-122, 2012.

R. T. Venterea, A. D. Halvorson, N. Kitchen, M. A. Liebig, M. A. Cavigelli et al., Challenges and opportunities for mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized cropping systems, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol.10, issue.10, pp.562-570, 2012.

C. Bardon, F. Poly, F. E. Haichar, X. Le-roux, L. Simon et al., Biological denitrification inhibition (BDI) with procyanidins induces modification of root traits, growth and N status in Fallopia x bohemica, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.107, pp.41-49, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01468037

P. Santamaria, A. Elia, F. Serio, M. Gonnella, and A. Parente, Comparison between nitrate and ammonium nutrition in fennel, celery, and Swiss chard, Journal of Plant Nutrition, vol.22, issue.7, pp.1091-1106, 1999.

I. G. Burns, Short- and long-term effects of a change in the spatial distribution of nitrate in the root zone on N uptake, growth and root development of young lettuce plants, Plant, Cell and Environment, vol.14, issue.1, pp.21-33, 1991.

F. A. Van-wassenhove, P. J. Dirinck, N. M. Schamp, and G. A. Vulsteke, Effect of nitrogen fertilizers on celery volatiles, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.38, issue.1, pp.220-226, 1990.

Z. G. Cerovic, G. Masdoumier, N. B. Ghozlen, and G. Latouche, A new optical leaf?clip meter for simultaneous non?destructive assessment of leaf chlorophyll and epidermal flavonoids, Physiologia Plantarum, vol.146, issue.3, pp.251-260, 2012.

M. Jezek, K. Mühling, and C. Geilfus, Magnesium deficiency in maize and effectiveness of nutrient supply through MgSO4 leaf-application, 2016.